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AI Risk & Insurance Glossary

Learn the definitions of terms enterprise buyers, AI vendors, and insurance companies use when they talk about AI risk, governance, and insurance coverage, with the context to actually use them.

A C D E G H I J L M N O P R S T V
A
Additional Insured
A third party added to someone else's policy so that the policy's coverage extends to them too. In AI deals, naming your enterprise…
Agent Trust Score (ATS)
A single 0-to-100 score for how safely a specific AI agent behaves, where a higher score means a more trustworthy agent. It gives…
AI Agent
An AI system that takes actions toward a goal by calling tools, making decisions, and operating with varying degrees of autonomy. The…
AI Data Disclosure
When an AI system exposes confidential, proprietary, or personal data through its outputs, logs, or integrations. AI leaks data in ways the…
AI Governance
The policies, processes, and controls an organization uses to manage AI risk across a system's whole lifecycle. Good governance is what…
AI Governance Maturity
How complete and operationalized an organization's AI governance actually is, on a scale from ad-hoc to fully managed. Maturity…
AI Hallucination
When an AI system states something false as if it were fact, with no basis in its source data. Think of a support bot inventing a refund…
AI Incident Response
The coordinated process for detecting, containing, and remediating harm an AI system has caused. How fast and how cleanly you respond often…
AI Liability Insurance
A standalone policy written per AI agent that covers the specific ways AI systems fail, such as hallucination, bias, prompt injection, data…
AI Output Liability
Legal and financial exposure from incorrect, harmful, or misleading output an AI system produces. This is the core new risk of shipping AI…
AI Red-Teaming
Structured adversarial testing that tries to break an AI system on purpose, provoking hallucination, bias, injection, and leakage before…
AI Regulatory Proceeding
A formal investigation or enforcement action by a regulator into an AI system or its operator. Even a proceeding you ultimately win can…
AI Risk Assessment
A systematic read of an AI system's potential harms, how likely they are, and how bad they get. It's the input to every downstream…
AI Runtime Governance
The controls that watch and constrain an AI agent while it runs in production, rather than only before launch: guardrails, monitoring, and…
Algorithmic Discrimination & Bias
When an AI system produces systematically unfair outcomes across protected classes such as race, gender, age, or disability. Bias claims…
Autonomous-Action Liability
Liability for harm caused when an AI agent acts on its own, whether that means executing a transaction, sending a message, or making a…
C
Cisco AI Risk Frameworks
Cisco's security-focused approach to protecting AI systems, combining threat research, model validation, and runtime safeguards. The…
Claims-Made Policy
A policy that covers claims made during the policy period, no matter when the underlying incident happened (subject to a retroactive date)…
Colorado AI Act
A U.S. state law regulating high-risk AI systems, built around preventing algorithmic discrimination. It's an early example of a…
Commercial General Liability (CGL)
The baseline business policy covering bodily injury, property damage, and personal or advertising injury to third parties. As of January…
Coverage Exclusion
A clause that removes a specific risk from what a policy will pay for. AI exclusions are the reason a vendor can be "fully insured" on…
Cyber Liability Insurance
Coverage for the losses a business suffers from data breaches, network intrusions, ransomware, and other security incidents. It pays for…
D
Data Poisoning
Corrupting an AI system's training or retrieval data to degrade or manipulate how it behaves. A poisoned model can fail silently and at…
Duty to Defend
The insurer's obligation to provide and pay for legal defense against a covered claim, even one that turns out to be groundless. For AI…
E
Endorsement
An amendment that adds, removes, or changes coverage on an existing policy. It's how a policy gets tailored after the base form is written…
EU AI Act
The European Union's risk-tiered regulation of AI, with obligations that scale up as an application's risk classification rises, and real…
G
GenAI CGL Exclusion
The generative-AI exclusions ISO added to standard Commercial General Liability policies, effective January 2026, that strip AI-related…
H
HIPAA & Protected Health Information (PHI)
The U.S. law governing the privacy and security of individually identifiable health data. Any AI agent that touches PHI inherits HIPAA…
Human-in-the-Loop
A design pattern that requires a person to review or approve an AI agent's action before it takes effect. It's one of the most effective…
I
IBM Risk Management for AI
IBM's framework and tooling for governing AI at scale, pairing a catalog of AI risks with lifecycle controls, documentation, and…
J
Jailbreak
An input crafted to make a model bypass its own safety rules and produce content it was trained to refuse. Where a prompt injection hijacks…
L
Limitations of Liability
A contract clause that caps how much one party can be required to pay the other, and often excludes certain damages entirely. It shifts…
M
MITRE ATLAS
MITRE's knowledge base of the real-world tactics and techniques used to attack AI and machine-learning systems, modeled on its ATT&CK…
Model Card
A standardized document describing an AI model's intended use, performance, limitations, and risks. It's becoming table stakes in…
Model Drift
The slow decay of a model's accuracy as the real world drifts away from the data it was trained on. An agent that passed review at launch…
N
NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF)
A voluntary U.S. framework for identifying, measuring, and managing AI risk across the system lifecycle. It's fast becoming the reference…
O
Obfuscation and Encoding
An attack that disguises a malicious instruction, using tricks like base64 or unusual characters, so safety filters miss it while the model…
Occurrence Policy
A policy that covers incidents that happen during the policy period, even if the claim lands years later. Knowing whether a policy is…
OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
A community-built list of the most critical security risks for applications built on large language models, from prompt injection to…
P
Payload Splitting
An attack that breaks a malicious instruction into fragments that each look harmless, then gets the model to reassemble and act on them. It…
PHI Disclosure
The unauthorized exposure of Protected Health Information by an AI system. In healthcare AI, a single PHI disclosure is a HIPAA event with…
Policy Aggregate Limit
The most an insurer will pay in total across all claims during a policy period. When losses can come in bunches, the per-claim limit isn't…
Product Liability
The legal responsibility a manufacturer or seller carries for harm caused by a defective product it put on the market, whether the defect…
Professional Liability (E&O)
Coverage for claims that a professional's advice or service caused a client financial harm through error, negligence, or omission. It's the…
Prompt Injection
An attack that smuggles instructions into an AI agent's input to make it ignore its own rules or take actions it shouldn't. It turns your…
R
Reggie
Ollive's regulatory-intelligence engine, which maps the AI laws and obligations that actually apply to a given agent and keeps that picture…
S
Self-Insured Retention
The amount the insured pays out of pocket on a claim before coverage begins. It resembles a deductible but is legally distinct, and it's…
Stria
Ollive's AI litigation-intelligence database, tracking AI-related lawsuits, claims, and how they actually resolve. Knowing how AI claims…
T
Technology Errors & Omissions (Tech E&O)
Insurance covering financial loss when a technology product or service fails to perform as promised, such as a missed SLA, a bug that…
V
Vicarious Liability for AI
The principle that a business is responsible for what the AI agents it deploys do, much as an employer answers for an employee's conduct…

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